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The Membrane structure is mostly composed of steel and cables. In addition, the membrane materials combined with the structure are gradually becoming functional and intelligent.
The membrane material has the advantages of lightness, freedom, beauty; light transmission, energy saving, environmental protection, excellent flame retardant performance; anti-fouling and self-cleaning performance; safety, and long life.
Based on these advantages, architectural membrane materials stand out. The membrane structure is called "21st Century Architecture" and is used in large stadiums, entrance corridors, shopping venues, casinos, parking lots, exhibition venues, botanical sightseeing gardens, and other buildings.
PTFE membrane material refers to a composite material formed by coating PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) resin on a base cloth woven with extremely fine glass fibers.
Its characteristics are: high strength, good durability, fire and flame retardancy, good self-cleaning, and it is not affected by ultraviolet light, and the service life is more than 20 years; it has high light transmittance, and the light transmittance is 13%. The light of the film material is natural diffuse light, will not produce shadows, and will not cause glare; the reflectivity of solar energy is 73%, so it absorbs less heat. Even in the case of summer sun exposure, the interior of the building will not be affected. Too much influence.
The membrane material of the stand canopy of Shanghai Stadium is glass fiber fabric coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) material, which is a combined membrane structure system.
This is the first time that membrane structures have been applied to large-scale permanent buildings in my country, marking the recognition of membrane structure buildings as a new building structure by people from all walks of life in our country, and opening the curtain on the widespread application of membrane structures in my country.
The PVC membrane material is a composite material formed by coating PVC (polyvinyl chloride) resin on a polyester fiber woven base cloth. The strength and fire resistance of PVC membrane material is a certain gap compared with PTFE, and the service life is generally 7 to 15 year.
In order to solve the self-cleaning problem of PVC membrane materials, PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) is usually applied to the PVC coating to form PVDF membrane materials.
The London Olympic Stadium was an 80,000-seat stadium during the Olympic and Paralympic Games, and was converted into a 25,000-seat stadium after the game.
The chevron-shaped column supports the outer compression ring truss, the inner tension ring adopts cables, and a double-layer radial cable is radially arranged to form a cable net, and 112 sheets of PVC film are covered to form a canopy. It is a typical cable-supported membrane structure.
This stadium is a heavyweight for the efficient use of resources, and uses 75% less steel than other stadiums.
ETFE architectural membrane is directly made from ETFE (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer) raw material. ETFE not only has excellent impact resistance, electrical properties, thermal stability and chemical resistance, but also has high mechanical strength and good processing properties.
In recent years, the application of ETFE roofing membrane structure can replace other products in many aspects, showing strong advantages and market prospects.
This kind of film material has very good light transmittance. It is called "soft glass" and is light in weight, only 1% of the same size glass; good toughness, high tensile strength, not easy to be torn, ductility greater than 400%; weather resistance and resistance It is chemically corrosive, and the melting temperature is as high as 200℃; it can effectively use natural light and save energy; it has good acoustic performance.
The self-cleaning function makes the surface not easy to stain, and rain washing can take away a small amount of contaminated dirt. The cleaning cycle is about 5 years.
In addition, ETFE film can be pre-made into film bubbles, which is convenient for construction and maintenance.
ETFE also has shortcomings. For example, the external environment is easy to damage materials and cause air leakage, and high maintenance costs. However, with the construction of large-scale stadiums, tourist venues, and waiting halls, ETFE highlights its advantages.
The "Bird's Nest" and "Water Cube" membrane structures of the Beijing Olympic venues use ETFE membrane materials, which are currently the largest ETFE membrane structure in China, and the membrane materials are imported products. "Bird's Nest" adopts a double-layer membrane structure, the outer layer uses ETFE to prevent rain, snow and ultraviolet rays, and the inner layer uses PTFE to achieve the purpose of heat preservation, anti-condensation, sound insulation and light effect.
The "Water Cube" adopts a double-layer ETFE inflatable membrane structure, with a total of 1437 air pillows, each of which looks like a "water bubble". The air pillow can adjust the shading and light transmittance by controlling the amount of inflation. Utilize natural light, save energy, and have good thermal insulation and echo elimination functions.
The skeleton type membrane structure is to pave the membrane material on the framework of steel frame or other materials, thereby forming the structural form of the roof or the outer wall. Modeling includes plane shape, single curved shape, and hyperbolic shape represented by saddle shape.
Frei Otto may be the first architect in the world to use a supporting membrane structure to build a large space. The German Pavilion he designed is a combination of high-strength metal cables and a film made of polymer materials. Large space building. It was the success of the German Pavilion that inspired the design of the structure and architectural style of the 1972 Munich Olympic Stadium.
The feature of this structure is that the structure is very simple, easy to assemble and disassemble, and has a relatively low cost compared with the traditional structure. Its roof is covered with special flexible chemical materials, which is translucent.
The inflatable membrane structure is a structure in which air is filled into the room composed of the membrane structure, and the pressure of the indoor air is always greater than the pressure of the outdoor air, so that the membrane material is under tension to resist the load and external force. It is divided into a single layer structure and a structure. Two forms of double-layer structure.
This kind of membrane structure can fundamentally overcome the difficulties encountered by traditional structures in large-span (unsupported) buildings , and can create a huge unobstructed visual space.
It has the advantages of free and light shape, flame retardant, easy production, quick installation, energy saving, easy to use, safe use, etc., which makes it widely used all over the world.
It is also worth mentioning that under the sunlight, the interior of the building covered by the film is full of natural diffused light, and there is no strong contrast between the shiny surface and the shadow, and the indoor space visual environment is open and harmonious. At night, the lights in the building illuminate the night sky through the roof membrane, and the shape of the building shows a dreamlike effect.
This structure is especially suitable for large-scale stadiums, entrance corridors, sketches, public leisure and entertainment plazas, exhibition venues, shopping centers and other fields.
The tensile membrane structure is a structural form formed by tensioning the membrane material on the structure by a cable, and the membrane surface achieves the balance of internal and external forces through the change of its own curvature.
Under the sunlight, the interior of the building covered by the film is full of natural diffused light, and there is no strong contrast between the shiny surface and the shadow, and the visual environment of the indoor space is open and harmonious. At night, the lights in the building illuminate the night sky through the roof membrane, and the shape of the building shows a dreamlike effect.
The tensile membrane structure is particularly suitable for building the roofs of urban landmark buildings, such as sports and entertainment venues, shopping malls and restaurants that require advertising effects.
The cantilever of the Berlin Olympic Stadium roof adopts a steel structure, and the steel members are covered with a film. The steel truss of the main support structure is faintly visible under the translucent membrane. The truss structure is 68 meters long. The lightweight roof is supported by 20 inclined steel columns. The steel columns with a diameter of only 25 cm effectively ensure that the viewing angle of the stands is not disturbed.
The cost of a membrane structure building is only 1/3 to 1/2 of the cost of a traditional building. The cost of a tensile structure varies greatly according to different spans and design schemes, but compared with traditional building methods, its price-benefit ratio is very obvious .
At the same time, because the membrane material has a certain light transmittance, the lighting intensity and time can be reduced during the day, which can save energy, and the gorgeous landscape formed by the transmission of colored lights at night can also achieve a good advertising effect.
All processing and production in the membrane structure construction project are completed in the factory, which can reduce on-site construction time and avoid construction overlap.
Compared with traditional construction methods, the construction period of membrane structure buildings can be shortened by at least half. Generally, the project can be completed within two months, and the construction progress of other projects will not be affected during the construction period.
The membrane material used in the membrane structure building is very light, weighing only about 1 kilogram per square meter, so the membrane structure can fundamentally overcome the difficulties encountered in the implementation of traditional structures on large-span (unsupported) buildings, and can create The open unobstructed visible space effectively increases the space usage area.
At present, the span of the membrane structure building has exceeded 200 meters.
Presenting a full of changeable, novel, and attractive visual effects, its application range is not limited to sports or exhibition buildings, but also extends to various aspects such as houses and landscape architecture.
The scale of the membrane structure project can be large or small, with street items, waiting halls, and stadiums; the life span can be long or short, it can be a temporary exhibition canopy, or it can be a long-term building of more than 30 years; The material can be dyed into a variety of colors like cloth, especially the translucent property of the membrane material, which makes the membrane building in the night sky show a dreamlike color under the light.
The membrane material with protective coating is used in the membrane structure building, so it has a good self-cleaning effect, and the natural washing of rainwater can be used to clean the appearance of the building, while also ensuring the service life of the building .
In addition, the membrane structure also has the advantages of easy transportation, easy renewal and not easy to accumulate snow.
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